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Abstract The evolution of the spatial pattern of ocean surface warming affects global radiative feedback, yet different climate models provide varying estimates of future patterns. Paleoclimate data, especially from past warm periods, can help constrain future equilibrium warming patterns. By analyzing marine temperature records spanning the past 10 million years with a regression‐based technique that removes temporal dimensions, we extract long‐term ocean warming patterns and quantify relative sea surface temperature changes across the global ocean. This analysis revealed a distinct pattern of amplified warming that aligns with equilibrated model simulations under high CO₂conditions, yet differs from the transient warming pattern observed over the past 160 years. This paleodata‐model comparison allows us to identify models that better capture fundamental aspects of Earth's warming response, while suggesting how ocean heat uptake and circulation changes modify the development of warming patterns over time. By combining this paleo‐ocean warming pattern with equilibrated model simulations, we characterized the likely evolution of global ocean warming as the climate system approaches equilibrium. 

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to remarkable progresses in medical consultation.However, existing medical LLMs overlook the essential role of Electronic Health Records (EHR) and focus primarily on diagnosis recommendation, limiting their clinical applicability. We propose DiaLLM, the first medical LLM that integrates heterogeneous EHR data into clinically grounded dialogues, enabling clinical test recommendation, result interpretation, and diagnosis prediction to better align with real-world medical practice. To construct clinically grounded dialogues from EHR, we design a Clinical Test Reference (CTR) strategy that maps each clinical code to its corresponding description and classifies test results as “normal” or “abnormal”. Additionally, DiaLLM employs a reinforcement learning framework for evidence acquisition and automated diagnosis. To handle the large action space, we introduce a reject sampling strategy to reduce redundancy and improve exploration efficiency. Furthermore, a confirmation reward and a class-sensitive diagnosis reward are designed to guide accurate diagnosis prediction.Extensive experimental results demonstrate that DiaLLM outperforms baselines in clinical test recommendation and diagnosis prediction. Our code is available at Github. 

Manipulation of polar functional groups to extend the druggability and developability space is an important approach in the current field of drug discovery. Here, we report an editing method that enables the direct insertion of anthranilyl units into inert amides to form versatile oligoamides and cyclic peptides under exceptionally mild reaction conditions. We showcase a diverse array of pharmaceuticals, natural products, and bioactive molecules involving the mentioned scaffold insertion. The synthesis of the secondary metabolites from marine-derived fungi, the expedited construction of bioactive molecules, and the assembly of functionalized peptide macrocycles through iterative insertions highlight the synthetic utility of this method. Computational tools and experimental measurements indicate that a hydrogen bond network formed by reacting and catalytic amide enables the insertion of the anthranilyl unit into a C─N bond. 

${\mathrm{Zn}\mathrm{Cl}}_2$solutions are promising electrolytes for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Here, we report a joint computational and experimental study of the structural and dynamic properties of aqueous ${\mathrm{Zn}\mathrm{Cl}}_2$electrolytes with concentrations ranging from salt-in-water to water-in-salt (WIS). By developing a neural network potential (NNP) model, we perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with accuracy but at much larger lengths and longer timescales. The NNP predicted structures are validated by the structure factors measured by X-ray total scattering experiments. The MD trajectories provide a comprehensive and quantitative picture of the ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{2+}$solvation shell structures. Additionally, we find that the $\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H}$covalent bonds in water are strengthened with increasing salt concentration, thus expanding the electrochemical stability window of aqueous electrolytes. In terms of dynamic properties, the calculated and experimentally measured conductivities are in good agreement. Through the analysis of the calculated cation transference number, we propose a three-stage charge carrier transport mechanism with increasing concentration: independent ion transport, strongly correlated ion transport, and small positive charge carrier diffusion through negatively charged polymeric clusters. Our study provides fundamental atomic scale insights into the structure and transport properties of the ${\mathrm{Zn}\mathrm{Cl}}_2$electrolyte that can aid the optimization and development of WIS electrolytes.